分词

一、分词的用法

分词包括-ing分词和-ed分词，可充当句子的定语、表语、补语和状语。

• 作定语：polluted air, sleeping baby; freezing weather, frozen food
• 作表语：The news is inspiring. / The glass is broken.
• 作补语：hear her singing a song; hear a song played on the piano
• 作状语：Given time, he’ll make a first-class tennis player.

二、分词的形式

• 一般主动式：doing
• 一般被动式：being done
• 完成主动式：having done
• 完成被动式：having been done
• 完成/被动：done
• 否定式：not doing/not being done/not having done/not having been done/not done

三、分词的独立主格

分词做状语时，逻辑主语需与主句主语一致；若不一致，分词需自带逻辑主语，构成独立主格结构。

• Weather permitting, I will go and visit the zoo.
• He being in the office, I didn’t go in.
• It being Sunday, I needn’t go to school.

 

考点一：分词作定语

• 分词作定语：放于所修饰名词前，如 the rising sun; a retired worker; the inspired audience
• 分词短语作定语：一般后置，相当于定语从句

考点二：分词作表语

• get dressed / changed
• remain seated / sitting
• My money is missing / lost / gone.

 

考点三：分词作补语

• They kept the lights burning all night long. (= The lights were kept burning all night long.)
• They found the house burned down to the ground. (= The house was found burned down to the ground.)

考点四：分词作状语（时间/条件/伴随/原因/结果）

• 时间状语：
  • Hearing the news, they all danced with joy. (hear)
  • Having finished my homework, I went out to play. (finish)
  • Separated from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other country in the world. (separate)
• 条件状语：
  • Given more attention, the trees could have grown better. (give)
  • Working hard, you will succeed. (work)
• 伴随状语：
  • The secretary worked late into the night, preparing a long speech for the president.
• 原因状语：
  • Being a student, I must study hard. = Because I am a student, I must study hard.
  • Being an old friend of mine, he told me his own experience in English study. (be)
• 结果状语：
  • The situation in Haiti after the earthquake was all in a mess, causing the increasing number of robbery cases. (cause)
  • Technology has made the delivery of information much easier, thus making information available to more people. (make)

 

注意事项

1. with引导的伴随状语：结构为  with + n./代词 + to do / doing / done / adj. / adv. / 介词词组 

• With the snow melting, the village is extremely cold.
• With all the students seated, the teacher began the meeting.

2. 连词+分词：可在分词前加 while, when, if, unless, once, until, whether, although, even if 等连词，明确主从句关系

• When/While walking on the street, I was hit by a ball on the head.
• Even if/When seen from a spaceship, the Great Wall looks like a huge dragon.

3. 独立分词结构（评述性状语）：固定词组可直接使用

• generally speaking（一般说来）
• frankly speaking（坦白地说）
• strictly speaking（严格地说）
• talking of（说到）
• judging from / by（从…判断）
• taking all things into consideration（全面看来）