非谓语

区分动名词和现在分词

主、宾：动名词
定状补：现在分词
表：能互换动名词

定：表状态现在分词freezing weather -> the weather is freezing.

done/being done：现在分词/动名词->在句首时有逗号用done
done/being done：都是现在分词->表条件/表正在

动名词与不定式的区别：

to do去做；doing 做；
动名词表达的是： 状态，性质，心境，抽象，经常性，已发生的
不定式表达的是： 目的，结果，原因，具体，一次性，将发生的

to have done本想做但未做；having done现完
动词：hope, expect, intend, mean, want 等

• I intended to have called on you. = I had intended to call on you.

完成时：先后发生/already/several times 不用完成时：几乎同时as soon as/心理活动realizing

其他

非谓语作定语只能 to do/doing/done及被动、否定

分词做状语时，逻辑主语需与主句主语一致

分词做状语时，逻辑主语需与主句主语一致；若不一致，分词需自带逻辑主语，构成独立主格结构。

• Weather permitting, I will go and visit the zoo.
• He being in the office, I didn’t go in.
• It being Sunday, I needn’t go to school.

主动表被动

动名词主动表被动

need, want, require, deserve + v-ing：主动形式表被动含义（be worth doing 也表示被动）

• The window needs cleaning. = The window needs to be cleaned.

不定式主动表被动

与被修饰名词有动宾关系时

• He is a man to depend on.
• Would you give me some paper to write on?

在 have / there be / with 结构中：There is a lot of work to do. 在表性质的形容词后（easy, hard, difficult 等）：He is hard to talk to.

在前加for sb.

主动被动不一致

1. 感官动词：see, hear, feel, watch, notice, observe, look at, listen to
   • 主动：sb. do sth.
   • 被动：sb. be seen to do sth.
2. 使役动词：make, have, let
   • 主动：sb. do sth.
   • 被动：sb. be made to do sth.

不定式省略to

• would rather do than do
• can’t help/choose but do（特殊）
• can’t but do（特殊）
• can’t help doing
• can’t do but do
• can’t help to do
• do nothing but do 前面有 do → 省略 to
• have no choice but to do 前面无 do → 保留 to
• What we need to do now is take some measures. 主语含 do 时，表语不定式省略 to

句型

1. 常见

   • prefer doing to doing
   • prefer to do
   • prefer to do rather than do
   • would rather do than do
   • no use/good/fun doing
   • no need to do
   • no point in doing
   • keep sth. doing

2. 不定式固定句型

   • Why do? / Why not do?
   • There is no need to do …
   • prefer to do … rather than do …
   • had better do / would rather do
   • 插入语：to be honest, to tell the truth, to make things worse 等

3. 不定式作主语的重要句型

   • It is + adj. + (of/for sb.) to do sth.
     • of：用于描述人的品质（kind, rude, clever 等）
     • for：用于描述事物特征（important, difficult 等）

   You are adj.说得通且意思一致用of

   • It is + n. (a pleasure / an honor / a pity) + to do sth.
   • It takes sb. … to do sth.
   1. it 作形式主语：将作真正主语的动名词放于句末
   • It is no use / no good / not any good / a waste of time (money, energy) + doing sth.
   • It is (well) worth / worthwhile / worth one’s while + doing sth.

4. it 作形式宾语：将充当真正宾语的动名词放于句末

   • v. + it + no use / no good / a waste of time (money / energy) + doing
   • 常用动词有：think, believe, make, find, consider, feel, take
   • I think it no use arguing with him. (argue)
   • Do you think it any use complaining to the sales manager about the inferior goods? (complain)

5. 下列句型后跟动名词：

   • It’s no use / good / a waste of time… / worth doing……
   • I don’t think it any use…doing sth. / What is the good (use) of doing……?
   • There is no point (in) doing……
   • have trouble / difficulty / a good (hard) time in doing…
   • There is no joking / telling / denying / knowing that…
   • What do you mean by sth. / doing sth.