voice

构成

be <过分>

“by” 的使用：在被动语态中，动作的执行者通常用“by”引出，但也可以省略。

• 例如：The song was sung by her.（这首歌被她唱了。）也可以省略为：The song was sung.

双宾语的被动形式：当句子中有两个宾语时，可以将其中一个宾语变成主语，另一个宾语用“to”或“for”引出。

• 例如：He gave me a book.（他给了我一本书。）可以变为：I was given a book by him. 或 A book was given to me by him.

感官动词和使役动词的被动形式：一些感官动词（如“see”“hear”）和使役动词（如“make”“let”）在主动语态中不带“to”的不定式，在被动语态中需要加上“to”。

• 例如：He was seen to enter the room.（他被看到进入了房间。）

“get” 构成的被动语态：在非正式场合，可以用“get + 过去分词”构成被动语态。

• 例如：The window got broken.（窗户被打碎了。）

主动形式表被动意义

1. The window won’t open.(won’t表示“不肯”，“不愿”)

2. weigh, measure+度量单位
   He weighed the fish.
   It weighs 12 kilos
   She measures the room.
   It measures 12 by 20 feet.

3. 表示“开始、结束、运动”的动词用主动式表被动义：begin, open, start, stop, end, finish, shut, move, hang, run, run out…
   The shop opens at 6 am. every day.

4. 表示主语的属性特征的动词( read, set, clean, wear, open, cook, lock, shut, eat, drink, cut, sell, read, write, wash, keep…)+副词 well/ badly/ easily/ smoothly, 用主动式表被动义。
   This knife cuts well.
   I These books sell well.
   The cloth washes well I The pen writes smoothly.
   Meat won’t keep long in such hot weather.
   The pen writes smoothly.

5. 动词+ adj./n.表示状态特征的连系：look, smell, taste, sound, feel/prove, turn out/remain(表“保持”), appear, make, …
   The steel feels cold.
   They make a good couple
   He would make a president 成为 变得 ….
   Cotton feels soft.
   The apples taste good.
   The flower smells wonderful
   The news proved/turned out true

6. need, want, require/be worth, deserve+动名词主动形式，表被动含义。后接动名词作宾语时, 用主动式表被动义;当然也可接不定式的被动式作宾语。want, require, need, deserve doing= want, require, need, deserve to be done
   be worth doing 值得做某事 主动表被动
   Those flowers need watering
   So interesting is the book that it is worth reading.

7. be+表性质的形容词+to do。不定式在某些形容词(difficult, easy, hard, fit, pleasant, good, comfortable, light, heavy, dangerous, safe,…)后作状语，且和句子的主语(或宾语)构成动宾关系时，用主动式表被动义。
   The girl isn’t easy to get along with.
   The fish is not fit to eat.

8. 在表示“有”(have, there be, with)的句子中，不定式作后置定语，与被修饰的名词构成动宾关系，又和该句主语(或宾语)构成主谓关系时，用主动式表被动义： 但若用在 there be 结构中，主动、被动均可(口语中常用主动式)。
   There is a lot of homework to do.
   With a lot of homework to do, I was too busy to go out.
   I have a lot of homework to do. There are many things to do/ to be done

9. 特殊结构：be to blame(应受责备)，be to let(可被出租)
   I feel it is your husband who is to blame the spoiled child.

10. 特殊结构：make sb. heard / understood (使别人能听见/理解自己)，have sth. done ( 要某人做某事)。

被动形式表示主动意义

be determined, be pleased, be graduated (from), be finished, be prepared (for), be occupied (in), get marries
He is graduated from a famous university.

注意： 表示同某人结婚，用marry sb. 或get married to sb. 都可。
He married a rich girl.
He got married to a rich girl.

不用被动语态的情况

1. 不及物动词或动词短语无被动语态： appear, die disappear, end (vi. 结束), fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand break out, come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place.
   After the fire, very little remained of my house.
   比较： rise, fall, happen是不及物动词；raise, seat是及物动词。
   (错) The price has been risen.
   (对) The price has risen.
   (错) The accident was happened last week.
   (对) The accident happened last week.
   (错) The price has raised.
   (对) The price has been raised.
   (错) Please seat.
   (对) Please be seated.

2. 不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语： consist of belong to; break out, take place, date back to, fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to
   This key just fits the lock.
   Your story agrees with what had already been heard.

3. 系动词无被动语态： appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn
   It sounds good.

4. 带同源宾语的及物动词，反身代词，相互代词，不能用于被动语态： die, death, dream, live, life
   She dreamed a bad dream last night.

5. 当宾语是不定式时，很少用于被动语态。
   (对) She likes to swim.
   (错) To swim is liked by her.

用被动语态的情况

1. 用被动形式表示状态的词组:be located; be seated; be hidden;be lost (in though);be drunk; be dressed; be caught in the rain; be absorbed in …

2. 表示”据说”或”相信” 的词组：believe, consider, declare, expect, feel , report, say, see, suppose, think, understand
   It be … that
   It is said that… 据说
   It is reported that… 据报道
   It is believed that…大家相信
   It is hoped that…大家希望
   It is well known that… 众所周知
   It is thought that…大家认为
   It is suggested that…据建议
   It is taken granted that… 被视为当然
   It has been decided that… 大家决定
   It must be remember that…务必记住的是
   It is said that she will leave for Wuhan on Tuesday.

let的用法

1. 当let后只有一个单音节动词，变被动语态时，可用不带to 的不定式。
   They let the strange go.
   —> The strange was let go.

2. 若let 后宾补较长时，let 通常不用被动语态，而用allow或permit 代替。
   The nurse let me go to see my classmate in the hospital.
   —> I was allowed / permitted to see my classmate in the hospital.